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Poultry diseases and treatment

Dr. Mujeeb Ather Asst. Director (Pathologist)
Veterinary Biological Research Institute, Hyderabad .

INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE : (GUMBORO DISEASE)

  1. IT IS AN ACUTE, HIGHLY CONTAGIOUS VIRAL INFECTION OF YOUNG CHICKENS.
  2. FIRST RECOGNIZED BY COSGROVE IN 1962 AND WAS REFERRED TO AS “AVIAN NEPHROSIS”.
  3. FIRST OUT BREAKS OCCURRED IN THE AREA OF GUMBORO, HENCE IT IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS GUMBORO DISEASE.

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TRANSMISSION : BY CONTAMINATION

SYMPTOMS:

  • THE INCUBATION PERIOD IS VERY SHORT (2-3 DAYS).
  • THE AGE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE TO CLINICAL DISEASE IS 3-6 WEEKS BUT SEVERE CLINICAL INFECTIONS HAVE OCCURRED UPTO 18 WEEKS.
  • HIGH MORBIDITY RATE USUALLY CLOSE TO 100%
  • MORTALITY BEGINS ON 3 RD DAY POST INFECTION AND WILL PEAK AND RECED IN A PERIOD OF 5-7 DAYS. ACTUAL MORTALITY MAY GO AS HIGH AS 60-90%.
  • EARLIEST SIGN OF INFECTION IN A FLOCK IS PECKING AT THEIR OWN VENT.
  • WHITISH OR WATERY DIARRHOEA
  • SOILED VENT FEATHERS
  • ANOREIZ, DEPRESSION.
  • RUFFLED FEATHERS.
  • TREMBLING, BIRDS MAY VOID BLOOD IN DROPPINGS.
  • SEVERE PROSTRATION AND FINALLY DEATH

GROSS LESIONS

  • BIRDS ARE DEHYDRATED WITH DARKENED DISCOLOURATION OF PECTORAL MUSCLES.
  • PRESENCE OF HAEMORRHAGES IN THE THIGH AND PECTORAL MUSCLES.
  • INCREASED MUCOUS IN THE INTESTINE.
  • A) THE BURSA IS THE PRIMARY TARGET ORGAN OF THE VIRUS
  • B) BY THE 2 ND OR 3 RD DAY POST INFECTION, THE BURSA HAS A GELATINOUS YELLOWISH TRANSUDATE, COVERING THE SEROSAL SURFACE. LONGITUDINAL STRIATIONS ON THE SURFACE BECOME PROMINENT AND THE NORMAL WHITE COLOUR TURNS TO CREM.

C) ON THE 3 RD DAY POST INFECTION THE BURSA BEGINS TO INCREASE IN SIZE AND WEIGHT. THE INFECTED BURSAS OFTEN SHOWS NECROTIC FOCI AND AT TIMES PETECHIAL OR ECCHYMOTIC HAEMORRHAGES ON THE MUCOSAL SURFACE.

  • OCCASIONALLY HAEMORRHAGES ARE OBSERVED IN THE MUCOSA AT THE JUNCTION OF THE PROVENTRICULUS AND GIZZARD.

 

Swollen Bursa fabricius with haemorrhages

Cut open bursa with hemorrhages

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANAGES:

  • BURSA :- DEGENERATION AND NECROSIS OF LYMPHOCYTES IN THE MEDULLARY AREAS, THY ARE REPLACED BY HETEROPHILS, SEVERE INTER FOLLICULAR OEDEMA WITH ACCUMULATION OF HETEROPHILS AND HYPEREMIA WITH CYSTIC FOLLICIES.

DIAGNOSIS : 1. SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS

  • DETECTION OF ANTIBODIES
  • VIRUS ISOLATION

PREVENTION AND CONTROL :

  • NO THERAPEUTIC OR SUPPORITVE TREATMENT HAS BEEN FOUND TO CHANGES THE COURSE OF IBO VIRUS
  • IMMUNIZATION IS THE PRINCIPAL METHOD USED FOR THE CONTROL OF IBD IN CHICKENS.
  • SRAY WITH KHORSOLIN-TH. @ 1 TO 3% LEVELS DEPENDING ON THE SEVERITY OF INFECTION.