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Poultry diseases and treatment

Dr. Mujeeb Ather Asst. Director (Pathologist)
Veterinary Biological Research Institute, Hyderabad .

MEREK’S DISEASE:

  • MEREK’S DISEASE IS CAUSED BY A CELL ASSOCIATED HERPES VIRUS FOR WHICH THREE SEROTYPES HAVE BEEN DEACRIBED.
  • MAREK’S CHALLENGE HAS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY DURING THE PAST SEVERAL YEARS.

TRANSMISSION:

  • DIRECT OR INDIRECT CONTACT BETWEEN BIRDS AFFCTS VIRUS SPREAD, APPARENTLY BY THE AIR BORNE ROUTE.

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  • NO VERTICAL TRANMISSION OF MDV.

SYMPTOMS:

  • INCUBATION PERIOD IS DIFFICULT TO DETERMINE UNDER FILED CONDITIONS, IN EXEPERIMENTAL CASES IT IS APPROXIMATELY 2 WEEKS.
  • MOST SERIOUS CASES BEGIN AFTER THE 8 TH OR 9 TH WEEK WHILE OUT BREAKS SOMETIMES OCCUP.
  • MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IS EQUAL.
  • PRIOR TO USE OF VACCINES, LOSSES IN AFFECTED FLOCKS WERE ESTIMATED TO RANGE FROM A FEW BIRDS TO 25 OR 30% AND OCCASSIONALLY AS HIGH AS 60%.
  • PROGRESSIVE PARESIS AND LATER COMPLETE PARALYSIS OF ONE OR MORE OF THE EXTREMITIES.
  • DROOPING OF WINGS
  • INCOORDINATION.
  • A CHARACTERISTIC ATTRIBUTE IS THAT IN WHICH THE BIRD HAS ONE LEG STRERCHED FORWARD AND THE OTHER BACK AS A RESULT OF UNILATERAL PARALYSIS OF THE LEG. (SQUATTING POSITION).
  • NON SPECIFIC SIGNS SUCH AS WEIGHT LOSS, PALENESS AND DIARRHOEA MAY BE OBSERVED.
  • AFTER THE DISEASE APPEARS, MORTALITY BUILDS GRADUALLY AND GENERALLY PERSISTS FOR 4-10 WEEKS.

GROSS LESIONS:

  • ENLARGEMENT OF THE SCIATIC AND BRACHIAL NERVES WITH LOSS OF CROSS-STRIATIONS, GRAY OR YELLOW DISCOLOURATION.
  • LYMPHOID TUMORS OCCUR IN ONE OR MORE OF VARITY OF ORGANS. NODULAR TUMOR LIKE GROWTHS ARE FOUND WITHIN AND EXTENDING FROM THE PARENCHYMA OF THE ORGAN. THESE ARE FIRM AND SMOOTH ON CUTTING.

 

Nodular tumors in the liver

DIAGNOSIS:

  • SYMPTOMS AND GROSS LESIONS
  • HISTOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES
  • ISOLATION OF THE VIRUS

PREVENTION AND CONTROL :

  • STRICT BIO-SECURITY : KOHRSOLIN-TH SPARY
  • VACCINATION
  • THE STRAIN OF VACCINE AND/OR COMBINTIONS USED VARY ACCORDING TO CONDITIONS OF THE FIELD CHALLENGE.

IT HAS ALSO BECOME COMMON PRACTICE TO REVACCINATE DAY OLD CHICKS UPON RECEIPT AT THEIR DESTINATION. THIS IS REPORTED TO BE VERY EFFECTIVE IN CONTROL OF MAREK’S DISEASE.

  1. RECENTLY, MDV FIELD STRAINS TROPISMS AND INCREASED CONDEMNATIONS AND/OR MORTALITY HAVE BEEN OBSERVED.
  2. THE INCREASE IN MORTALITY CAUSE CONCERN BECAUSE APPARENT LOSS OR EFFICACY OF THE MOST COMMONLY USED VACCINE (HVT AND SB-1). THIS SUGGESTS THAT A NEW STRAIN OR PATHOTYPE OF VV MDV CAPABLE OF OVER RIDING CURRENT CONTROL MEASURES.
  3. THE FIRST VACCINE PRODUCED AND UTILIZED WAS HERPES VIRUS OF TURKEYS (HVT). FOR ATLEAST A DECADE, THIS VACCINE PROVED TO BE HIGHLY EFFICACIOUS AS A MONOVALENT PRODUCT.
  4. DURING THE LATE 1970 S’ AND EARLY 1980 S’ A SUBSTANTIAL INCREASE IN MD OUTBREAKS WERE REPORTED. FOLLOWING THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SEROTYPE 2, SB-1 VACCINE WHICH WAS USED IN A BIVALENT COMBINATION WITH HVT, MORTALITY DECREASED UNTIL THE MID 1980 S’
  5. IN 1992 THE INCIDENCE AGAIN INCREASED AND THIS TREND CONTINUED TILL TODAY.
  6. THIS INCREASE INCIDENCE OF MD IS THE RESULT OF EMERGING VIRUS STRAINS THAT APPER TO REPLICATE MORE EFFICIENTLY AND INDUCE TUMORS THAT ARE PARTICULARLY INVASIVE AND FAST GROWING.
  7. THE MOST EFFICACIOUS MONOVALENT VAVVINE IS RISPEN STRAIN (CV1-988) WITH THE COMBINATION OF THE SAME CV1-9DD AND HVT BEING THE MOST SUCCESSFUL.

SL.NO. NAME OF VACCINE PERCENTAGE PROTECTION

1 ST DAY POST VACC 5 TH DAY POST VACC

1 CVI-988 83 96

2 CVI-988+HVT 93 99

3 CVI-988+HVT+SB-1 78 95

4 HVT+SB-1 72 84

5 HVT+301-B 41 92